Preface - In view of the brilliant success of the first edition, I have been emboldened to hope that, in this new and more perfect form, the book again may attract many friends.

First of all I want to thank my dear friend and co-worker of our course Ruth Hampton for her collaboration in the pres­entation of the difficult chapters on The Technique of Mod­ern Graphology

Introduction - It has been my privilege and pleasure over a number of years to be a co-worker as well as a student of Irene Marcuse, the author of this book. Through this association I am in a position to know that the material herein will be of great value to all students of graphology and an inspiration to those who are already experienced analysts of handwriting.

01. Modern Graphology - It is known that there are no two handwritings which are perfectly alike because of the simple reason that there are no two people alike. This chapter will show differences of such a high degree that one sample cannot be mistaken for an­other. Naturally, many similarities will be noticed in hand­writings of people who have similar characteristics in their personalities, but all samples deviate from each other.

02. Three Zones - Handwriting is divided into three zones: upper, middle and lower. Small letters such as i,n, m, represent the middle zone; letters containing upper length, such as d, l, h, form part of both middle and upper zone; letters containing lower length, such as g, y, form part of both middle and lower zone.

03. Small + Capital Letters - The breadth of writing is measured according to the pro­portion of the letter. For instance in the letter n we com­pare the distance between the two downstrokes with the length of the downstrokes themselves. If the downstrokes are longer than the distance between them, we have narrow writ­ing (Sample 12); if they are shorter, it is considered wide writing.

04. Temperaments - Modern psychology has detached itself from the antique definition of temperamental types, but we must admit that science has not totally freed itself from the belief that there are four temperaments—a concept which dates back to the remote age when men first began to investigate psychic life. The division of the temperaments into sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic belongs to Hippocrates.

05. The Child - In the first years of the child's life, as in those of the ani­mal, we are able to distinguish special characteristics. Dis­tinct and outspoken qualities, however, are not so clearly manifested in early childhood. Basic mental and physical dispositions, on the other hand, make themselves apparent at a relatively early age.

06. Handwriting Analysis - During the many years that I have been analyzing hand­writing of young people, I have found a number of excellent character traits; however, my analyses have shown serious misuse of good traits, and abilities left to deteriorate.

One important fact is that our culture unfortunately seems permeated with the spurring on of ambition for grandeur in the mind of our youth.

07. Development - Disraeli wrote in Vivian Grey, "Man is not the creature of circumstances, circumstances are the creatures of man." A deep understanding of life teaches us that we are not the victims of environment, but that, on the contrary, outward conditions are the manifestations of our positive or negative thoughts. Indubitably, we are able to control our thoughts and through them our conditions, provided that we are emo­tionally balanced

08. Business + Marriage - It very often happens that two rival employees in impor­tant positions, or two business partners, although successful as individuals, are unable to collaborate. In such a case graphological analysis can either ensure one partner's greater appreciation of the personality of the other, or show that both are so different in their personalities and opinions that they must establish a new basis of collaboration.

09. Practical Intelligence - The farmer, the hunter, the fisherman and the gardener are all attached to the earth, and therefore to the material world. They must use their practical intelligence in order to be able to live by their work. Their activity is concentrated on their functional and daily life, therefore their handwrit­ing mirrors their realization of their physical needs.

Sample 54. Here we see the writing of a farmer, whose heavy hand is awkward and unused to forming the letters. From the rightward angle, however, we discover his honesty and sincerity.

10. The Intellectual - Generally speaking, the intellectual is more attracted by cosmic ideas than by the reality of the material world. En­dowed with a clear mind and an alert intellect, adapting him­self to the requirements of life, he will develop already pioneered sciences through his discoveries which open the way for new horizons. His handwriting reveals his deductive analytical or intuitive ability, though the intellectual who possesses such a quality of mind will frequently have an un­quiet nature.

11. Intuitive + Creative Mind - The inventor, the genius, and the intuitive person will all find new ideas through their investigation of the inscrutable and unknown. The handwriting of these writers exhibits in­dividual and original letter formation. Their creative power reflects a special characteristic, a visual third dimension, which gives the reader a sense of perspective through its con­spicuous plasticity, and distinguishes this type of script from the more common two-dimensional writing.

12. Lying + Dissimulation - It is of great importance that we must realize the part which untruthfulness plays in the relationship of one person to another since there are many different forms of sincerity and insincerity. At times, the child takes pleasure in invent­ing stories; he does this to defend himself from punishment, or because he confuses fact and imagination.

13. Criminal Handwriting - Through the study of all types of individuals we find that the kind of failure which causes criminals is similar to that which results in problem children, suicides, drunkards, and sexual perverts, as well as in neurotics and psychotics. They all fail in both their approach and their adjustment to life, and above all they are unified in their lack of social interest and any form of creative cooperation. Through the study of all types of individuals we find that the kind of failure which causes criminals is similar to that which results in problem children, suicides, drunkards, and sexual perverts, as well as in neurotics and psychotics. They all fail in both their approach and their adjustment to life, and above all they are unified in their lack of social interest and any form of creative cooperation.

14. Supersensitive - Freud based his school of thought on sexual instinct and problems, without placing sufficient importance on any of the other instincts which often contribute to nervousness, arrested development, and a state of repression.

Alfred Adler, the pupil of Freud, mainly stresses the drive for power, but he particularly emphasizes the roots of all evil which are grown in early childhood.

15. Mental Diseases - Today it would be difficult to deny that the individual's mind can influence his actions. If the actions are no more than the mind's tools, we can find ways to develop and im­prove them. No one, born with a certain standard of intelli­gence, need remain irredeemably bound to that standard all his life; methods can be found to make the intelligence better equipped to deal with life.

Conclusion - This study has been an attempt at clarifying the irrefutable connection between an individual's handwriting, its develop­ment and idosyncrasies, and his personality—whether it changes from normal to neurotic, or insane, or whether it develops a more constant pattern.

As has been pointed out, the handwriting is a key to the often obscure and latent potentialities of the child; it is an in­fallible graph by which the parents, teachers, and especially the psychologist can chart the course of the child's emotional and intellectual growth and see into a future full of promise or de­struction

Samples - .......................

Bibliography - Crepieux, Jamin. Les Elements de VEcriture des Canailles.Paris: Ernest Flammarion.

Klages, Dr. Ludwig. Handschrift und Charakter. Leipzig: Ambros Barth, 1926.

Lombroso, Cesare. L'Uomo Delinquente. Torino: Fratelli Bocca Editori. Pulves,

Dr. Max. Symbolik der Handschrift. Zuerich: Orell Fuessli, 1931.

Trieb und Verbrechen in der Schrift. Zuerich: Orell Fues­sli, 1934.

Adler, Dr. Alfred. Praxis und Theorie der Individual Psychologie. Muenchen: J. F. Bergman, 1927.

The Science of Living. Cleveland and New York: World Pub. Co. Freud, Dr. Sigm. A General Introduction to Psycholanalysis.

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